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+3.01 dB is approximately double the power; −10 dB is one tenth.

dB is a ratio

dB describes a ratio.

dBm expresses an absolute power level relative to 1 milliwatt, combining the logarithmic dB scale with a fixed power reference.

The conventional difference is about 2.15 dB: 0 dBd is approximately 2.15 dBi.

Gain describes the ratio of output to input level. In a receiver it can occur before or after digitisation and is often expressed in dB.

Signal-to-noise ratio compares wanted signal power with noise power in the range being considered. It is often expressed in dB.

≤ 0.25 µV wide / ≤ 0.35 µV narrow at 12 dB SINAD

≤ 0.25 µV wide / ≤ 0.35 µV narrow at 12 dB SINAD

SSB 0.3 µV / AM 1.6 µV at 10 dB S/N; FM 0.3 µV / WFM 2.6 µV at 12 dB SINAD

Add transmit and receive antenna gains in dBi, then subtract cable and path losses in dB.

8.5 dB/100 m is an example, not a claim about a cable model.